HISTORY OF WATCHMAKING: EPISODE 2 The Medieval Age and the Watchmaking Revolution

Throughout the ages, watchmaking has experienced countless revolutions, but it is in the Middle Ages that we observe one of the most significant turning points in this discipline. This period saw the emergence of mechanical clocks, marking a decisive advance over earlier instruments such as sundials and clepsydras. This article, the second installment in our series on the history of watchmaking, focuses on this pivotal era, exploring the technical innovations and remarkable achievements that laid the foundations of modern watchmaking.

The Beginnings of Mechanical Watchmaking in the Middle Ages

1. The Invention of the First Mechanical Clocks

The history of mechanical watchmaking truly begins in the 13th century, with the appearance of the first mechanical clocks in Europe. These revolutionary devices, often installed in church towers and public squares, used weights and gears to measure the passage of time more precisely and reliably than before.

2. Notable Examples

• The Salisbury Clock (c. 1386): Considered one of the oldest surviving mechanical clocks in existence, the Salisbury Clock in England is an early example of medieval ingenuity in clockmaking. This clock did not have a dial but struck the hours, providing an essential service to the community.
• The Prague Astronomical Clock (1410): Another remarkable example of medieval technological advancement. The Prague Astronomical Clock, with its intricate display of astronomical movements, is a masterpiece of engineering, illustrating the fusion of art, science, and technology.

The Impact of Mechanical Clocks on Medieval Society

Mechanical clocks profoundly transformed medieval society. They not only allowed a more precise measurement of time but also played a crucial role in the organization of daily life and religious practices. The regularity and precision offered by these clocks strengthened the social structure, regulating everything from working hours to times of prayer.

Technical Evolution and the Art of Watchmaking

The development of mechanical clocks in the Middle Ages posed significant technical challenges, thereby spurring innovation in the art of clockmaking. The introduction of the escapement movement and foliot regulation are examples of innovations that improved the precision of clocks. These technical advances not only optimized the functionality of clocks but also influenced their aesthetics, transforming clocks into true works of art.

Conclusion: The Middle Ages, Cradle of Modern Watchmaking

The Middle Ages represent a crucial period in the history of watchmaking, marking the transition from ancient methods of measuring time to the era of complex mechanisms. Mechanical clocks of this era were not simply utilitarian tools; they were the symbol of an era of technological progress and innovation. In laying the foundations of modern watchmaking, medieval artisans not only measured time but also made their mark on history, leaving a legacy that continues to inspire watchmakers around the world.